30 results
Value of peer mentoring for early career professional, research, and personal development: a case study of implementation scientists
- Kelsey S. Dickson, Joseph E. Glass, Miya L. Barnett, Andrea K. Graham, Byron J. Powell, Nicole A. Stadnick
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 5 / Issue 1 / 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 April 2021, e112
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Effective mentoring is a key mechanism propelling successful research and academic careers, particularly for early career scholars. Most mentoring programs focus on models pairing senior and early career researchers, with limited focus on peer mentoring. Peer mentoring may be especially advantageous within emerging areas such as implementation science (IS) where challenges to traditional mentoring may be more prevalent. This special communication highlights the value of peer mentoring by describing a case study of an early career IS peer mentoring group. We delineate our curriculum and structure; support and processes; and products and outcomes. We highlight important group member characteristics to consider during group formation and continuation. The group’s long-term (6 years) success was attributed to the balance of similarities and differences among group members. Members were in a similar career phase and used similar methodologies but studied different health topics at different institutions. Group members gave and received instrumental and psychosocial support and shared resources and knowledge. Peer mentoring can serve an important function to provide emotional, logistical, and professional development support for early career scholars. Our case study highlights strategies to foster peer mentoring groups that provide a generalizable blueprint and opportunity for improved outcomes for early career professionals.
Septic Shock: A Genomewide Association Study and Polygenic Risk Score Analysis
- Shannon D’Urso, Dorrilyn Rajbhandari, Elizabeth Peach, Erika de Guzman, Qiang Li, Sarah E. Medland, Scott D. Gordon, Nicholas G. Martin, CHARGE Inflammation Working Group, Symen Ligthart, Matthew A. Brown, Joseph Powell, Colin McArthur, Andrew Rhodes, Jason Meyer, Simon Finfer, John Myburgh, Antje Blumenthal, Jeremy Cohen, Balasubramanian Venkatesh, Gabriel Cuellar-Partida, David M. Evans
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- Journal:
- Twin Research and Human Genetics / Volume 23 / Issue 4 / August 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 August 2020, pp. 204-213
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Previous genetic association studies have failed to identify loci robustly associated with sepsis, and there have been no published genetic association studies or polygenic risk score analyses of patients with septic shock, despite evidence suggesting genetic factors may be involved. We systematically collected genotype and clinical outcome data in the context of a randomized controlled trial from patients with septic shock to enrich the presence of disease-associated genetic variants. We performed genomewide association studies of susceptibility and mortality in septic shock using 493 patients with septic shock and 2442 population controls, and polygenic risk score analysis to assess genetic overlap between septic shock risk/mortality with clinically relevant traits. One variant, rs9489328, located in AL589740.1 noncoding RNA, was significantly associated with septic shock (p = 1.05 × 10–10); however, it is likely a false-positive. We were unable to replicate variants previously reported to be associated (p < 1.00 × 10–6 in previous scans) with susceptibility to and mortality from sepsis. Polygenic risk scores for hematocrit and granulocyte count were negatively associated with 28-day mortality (p = 3.04 × 10–3; p = 2.29 × 10–3), and scores for C-reactive protein levels were positively associated with susceptibility to septic shock (p = 1.44 × 10–3). Results suggest that common variants of large effect do not influence septic shock susceptibility, mortality and resolution; however, genetic predispositions to clinically relevant traits are significantly associated with increased susceptibility and mortality in septic individuals.
Generating value with mental health apps
- Adam C. Powell, John B. Torous, Joseph Firth, Kenneth R. Kaufman
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- Journal:
- BJPsych Open / Volume 6 / Issue 2 / March 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 February 2020, e16
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Background
Although apps are increasingly being used to support the diagnosis, treatment and management of mental illness, there is no single means through which costs associated with mental apps are being reimbursed. Furthermore, different apps are amenable to different means of reimbursement as not all apps generate value in the same way.
AimsTo provide insights into how apps are currently generating value and being reimbursed across the world, with a particular focus on the situation in the USA.
MethodAn international team performed secondary research on how apps are being used and on common pathways to remuneration.
ResultsThe uses of apps today and in the future are reviewed, the nature of the value delivered by apps is summarised and an overview of app reimbursement in the USA and other countries is provided. Recommendations regarding how payments might be made for apps in the future are discussed.
ConclusionsCurrently, apps are being reimbursed through channels with other original purposes. There may be a need to develop an app-specific channel for reimbursement which is analogous to the channels used for devices, drugs and laboratory tests.
Notes on contributors
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- By James Eli Adams, Joseph Bristow, Oliver S. Buckton, Barbara Caine, Richard Cave, David Clifford, Harry Cocks, Matt Cook, Joseph Donohue, Richard Dorment, Sos Eltis, Helen Freshwater, Josephine M. Guy, Ellis Hanson, Merlin Holland, Russell Jackson, Jarlath Killeen, Leon Litvack, Ruth Livesey, Jerusha McCormack, Michèle Mendelssohn, Susan Owens, Kerry Powell, Steven Price, Peter Raby, Mark Ravenhill, John Paul Riquelme, Anthony Roche, Sean Ryder, Jan-Melissa Schramm, Ian Small, Philip E. Smith, Margaret D. Stetz, John Stokes, Mark W. Turner, Lynn Voskuil, Marcus Waithe
- Edited by Kerry Powell, Miami University, Peter Raby, Homerton College, Cambridge
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- Oscar Wilde in Context
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- 18 December 2013
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- 12 December 2013, pp xvi-xxii
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Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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References
- Joseph F. Powell, University of New Mexico
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- The First Americans
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- 21 August 2009
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- 06 October 2005, pp 237-264
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PART II - The Pleistocene peopling of the Americas
- Joseph F. Powell, University of New Mexico
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- The First Americans
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- 21 August 2009
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- 06 October 2005, pp 101-102
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2 - A brief history of race
- Joseph F. Powell, University of New Mexico
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“There are no races, only clines”
F. B. Livingston (1962)“The biological concept of race … has no basis in science.”
A. Goodman (1998)“Slightly over half of all biological/physical anthropologists today believe in the traditional view that human races are biologically valid and real. Furthermore, they tend to see nothing wrong in defining and naming the different populations of Homo sapiens.”
G. W. Gill (2000)THE FOUNDATIONS OF RACE
Higher primates, including humans, appear to have the capacity for identifying those who are part of a group and those who are not (Goodall et al., 1996) – in other words, detecting who are a part of “us” and who are a part of “them.” Most cultures have strong notions about who are “us” and what defines “them.” These markers of “us” vs. “them” are primarily based on dress, custom, and language. Here, I focus on European views that (arguably) have had the greatest impact on how western cultures view worldwide human variation, especially that seen among the native peoples of the Americas.
Roman scholar Plinius, also known as “Pliny the Elder” (AD 62–113), produced one of the earliest classifications of humans into subgroups. Following Aristotelian tradition, Pliny divided the world's people into the civilized peoples (classical Greeks and Romans), the barbarians (those tribal peoples outside the immediate Greco-Roman sphere of influence), and the monstrous (deviants from the classical human form, including the Cyclops, dog-faced people, giants, and dwarfs).
Index
- Joseph F. Powell, University of New Mexico
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- The First Americans
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- 21 August 2009
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- 06 October 2005, pp 265-268
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6 - Ancient cultures and migration to the Americas
- Joseph F. Powell, University of New Mexico
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- The First Americans
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Summary
PLEISTOCENE CULTURES IN THE AMERICAS
Back in the old days, say about three years ago, we had a pretty compelling scenario for the peopling of the Americas. We believed the first Americans came out of northeast Asia during the latest Pleistocene, crossing the Bering land bridge into Alaska during a period of lowered sea level. For a time the massive North American ice sheets blocked their way south, but after the Laurentide and Cordilleran glaciers melted, back say 12,000 years ago, a group or groups of these hunters sped south through the newly opened “Ice-Free” Corridor between them (Wright, 1991). Once they reached the unglaciated lower 48 states, they radiated out across the length and breadth of North America with what appears to be archaeologically breathtaking speed (e.g. Haynes, 1964, 1992).
(Meltzer (2001: 27))Clovis first?
Anthropologists David Meltzer (2001) and Nina Jablonski (2002) have noted that our view of the peopling of the Americas is moving away from the traditional “Clovis-first” view described in the above quotation. Significant changes in our understanding of Paleoindian archaeology have occurred in the past few decades, with old ideas challenged by new theories and data. We now know that humans have occupied the New World for at least the past 11,000 to 12,000 yr BP (Meltzer, 2001). As Meltzer (1993b, 2001) and others (Dixon, 1999; Powell and Neves, 1998, 1999; Wright, 1991) have remarked, the colonization of the New World seems to be an unbelievable feat of hunter-foragers traveling thousands of miles south from Beringia in “blitzkrieg” waves of advance, with their descendants arriving in Tierra del Fuego, South America, in a mere 500 to 600 years.
3 - Evolutionary approaches to human variation
- Joseph F. Powell, University of New Mexico
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- The First Americans
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- 21 August 2009
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We disagree with the notion that this individual [Kennewick Man] is Caucasian. Scientists say that because the individual's head measurements do not match ours, he is not Native American. We believe humans and animals change over time to adapt to their environment. And our elders have told us that Indian people did not always look the way we look today.
Armand Minthorn, 1996 (Umatilla tribal spokesman)INTRODUCTION TO EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS
Racial–typological approaches, discussed in Chapter 2, are attempts to interpret human biological variation without making explicit reference to models of population structure and evolution. The alternative to the racial–typological view of human variation is an evolutionary approach. In this chapter, I discuss the forces of evolution and the underlying mathematical models for mutation, selection, migration, and random genetic drift. Human skeletal and dental diversity has an underlying genetic basis. The genes underlying such diversity can be used to create evolutionary models that can tell us about the origin, demographic history, and microevolution of Native Americans over the past 12,000 or so years. Racial typology and categorization cannot provide this information without numerous simplifying assumptions.
These include the primary assumption that each human population is totally distinctive in morphology and changes only as a result of historical events, such as when a racially different group invades/colonizes and replaces the original population.
Prologue: The Kennewick controversy
- Joseph F. Powell, University of New Mexico
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- The First Americans
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Summary
As the curator of biological anthropology at the Maxwell Museum, I often passed through the exhibits in the biological anthropology area, on my way to the Museum office. One day, I encountered a group of second graders examining the displays of fossil hominids. I noticed that one group of kids was gathered around a display, a reproduction of a 17,000-year-old human burial from a Pleistocene site in France. Our replica had been arranged in the exact state of repose that the original skeleton held for nearly 18,000 years: legs and arms flexed as if asleep, and surrounded by grave goods, including stone tools and shell beads from a necklace. I approached the kids and asked what they could tell about this person. Most smiled and shrugged.
“He's dead,” one boy said in a flat voice.
I asked, “Are you sure it's a ‘he’?” after the giggles died down.
“How can you tell?” another kid looked to me and asked.
That was my opening to explain the differences in male and female skeletal anatomy and show them the features used to determine sex from a skeleton. Several hands went up, and I called on a girl who seemed particularly interested in the burial display.
“What was her name?” the girl asked.
“We don't know – we can't tell that from the bones,” I said.
10 - Evolutionary models of Native American origins
- Joseph F. Powell, University of New Mexico
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- The First Americans
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- 21 August 2009
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- 06 October 2005, pp 214-228
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Summary
One of the greatest faults and impediments of anthropology has always been and is largely to this day, in spite of ever-growing evidence to the contrary, the notion of the permanence of skull types, and their changeability only through racial mixtures and replacements. It is time that this attitude be replaced by more modern and rational views on the subject, based on the steadily increasing knowledge of biological laws and processes, together with such powerful factors as segregation and isolation.
Hrdlička, 1935EVOLUTION AND THE PEOPLING OF THE AMERICAS REDUX
Microevolutionary models
Boas (1912a, b), attempted to reconcile the migrationist approach of the racial–typologists with models of in situ biological change resulting from natural selection or genetic drift. He thought that Native Americans originated through one, or more migrations that introduced some variation to the New World (Boas, 1912a). However, once these populations settled in the Americas,
… the isolation and small number of individuals in each community gave rise to long-continued inbreeding, and with it, to a sharp individualization of local types. This was emphasized by subtle influences of natural and social environment. With the slow increase in numbers, these types came into contact; and through mixture and migration a new distribution of typical forms developed.
Franz Boas (1912a, b)This viewpoint was at odds with the traditional interpretations of biological variation within and among Native Americans.
5 - The Pleistocene and ice-age environments
- Joseph F. Powell, University of New Mexico
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- The First Americans
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- 21 August 2009
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- 06 October 2005, pp 103-113
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WHEN AND WHAT IS THE PLEISTOCENE?
The Pleistocene geological epoch began 1.8 million years ago (mya) and is the geological period directly following the Pliocene (1.8–5.2 mya), the epoch in which all hominids and hominins evolved. For most of the Pleistocene, ice sheets and glaciers covered the Earth's major land masses. Within this epoch are several “stadials,” or cooling events, when glaciers and ice sheets expanded their ranges.
The cold stadials are separated long warming periods, or interglacials. In the most recent interstadial, today's Holocene Epoch, there were stadial-like cooling periods – short, abrupt returns to ice-age conditions, the most significant and recent being the Older (13,840–13,590 yr BP) and Younger Dryas (12,680–11,560 yr BP). During these cooling periods, average global temperatures decreased rapidly by 2–5°C (Straus, 1996). The end of the Pleistocene, or “terminal Pleistocene,” was the time of a huge global warming event (the Holocene) that thus far has lasted for the past 12,000 years. All through the Pleistocene, huge sheets of ice covered Europe and Asia. Two large ice sheets also covered the majority of North America: these were called the Laurentide and Cordilleran sheets. The Laurentide sheet was centered over present-day Hudson Bay in Canada, while the Cordilleran was a west coast ice sheet extending down from the western mountains of Alaska and Canada (British Columbia and Saskatchewan) to the present-day Sierra Nevadas in northern California, and Nevada to the Pacific shore.
8 - Human variation in the Pleistocene
- Joseph F. Powell, University of New Mexico
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- The First Americans
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- 21 August 2009
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- 06 October 2005, pp 169-184
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WESTERN OLD WORLD
Paleoindians represented by the Clovis and Folsom forms of Upper Paleolithic cultures are part of the long history of Upper or Terminal Pleistocene peoples from across the globe. The Upper Paleolithic is typified by subsistence strategies that emphasize large-mammal hunting with spear and dart technologies in which large, elaborately produced, bifacial stone projectile points; unifacial stone flakes; or microblade play a key role.
There are many Late Pleistocene–Early Holocene human (Homo sapiens sapiens) skeletons in the Old World. In this chapter, a few better-known Upper Paleolithic skeletal specimens have been selected, which may or may not be representative of all 18,000–10,000 yr BP human remains in that part of the globe, but for the purposes of this book they will suffice.
Africa and Egypt
Lothagam 4b, West Turkana
The Lothagam fossil locality in West Turkana, East Africa has produced over 30 fully modern human skeletons dating from 6000 yr BP to 9000 yr BP. Between 1965 and 1975, crews from Michigan State University uncovered the Lothagam locality remains. Nearly all of the skeletons were discovered in good Early Holocene contexts. Angel et al. (1980) performed a reconstruction and analysis of the crania. The Lothagam (lo.4b) skull was the most complete in the sample, and is described here and by Larsen et al. (1991: 151).
The First Americans
- Race, Evolution and the Origin of Native Americans
- Joseph F. Powell
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- Published online:
- 21 August 2009
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- 06 October 2005
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Who were the first Americans? What is their relationship to living native peoples in the Americas? What do their remains tell us of the current concepts of racial variation, and short-term evolutionary change and adaptation. The recent discoveries in the Americas of the 9000-12000 year old skeletons such as 'Kennewick Man' in Washington State, 'Luzia' in Brazil and 'Prince of Wales Island Man' in Alaska have begun to challenge our understanding of who first entered the Americas at the end of the last Ice Age. New archaeological and geological research is beginning to change the hypothesis of land bridge crossings and the extinction of ancient animals. The First Americans explores these questions by using racial classifications and microevolutionary techniques to better understand who colonized the Americas and how. It will be required reading for all those interested in anthropology, and the history and archaeology of the earliest Americans.
Acknowledgments
- Joseph F. Powell, University of New Mexico
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- The First Americans
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- 21 August 2009
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- 06 October 2005, pp viii-viii
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1 - Debating the origins of Native Americans
- Joseph F. Powell, University of New Mexico
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- The First Americans
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- 21 August 2009
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- 06 October 2005, pp 17-28
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But in the Southe parte of that contrey,
The people go nakyed always,
The lande is of so great hete!
In the North parte all the clothes
That they were is but bestes skynnes,
They have no nother fete;
But howe the people furst began
In that contrey, or whens they cam,
For clerkes it is questyon
John Rastell, Interlude of the Four Elements (1520) (in Huddleston, 1967: 110)EARLY EUROPEAN THOUGHT ON NATIVE AMERICAN ORIGINS
Some of the most perplexing questions in American prehistory concern how and when humans first colonized the New World. Since the sixteenth century, Americanist scholars have debated the origin of Native American peoples. In 1492, most scholars felt that Columbus had sailed to islands just off the coast of Cathay (Asia), so there was no need to question the origin of people he met in Hispañola: it was clear that they were Asians. However, by 1503, “[Amerigo] Vespucci had seen so much of the coastline of America (from Argentina to North Carolina) … that he became convinced it could not be Asia.” (Huddleston, 1967: 5). This prompted European speculation that the inhabitants were not therefore Asians. So who were they? How did humans get to the “New World”?
In the sixteenth century, putative answers came fast and furious, based on scanty evidence.
4 - Recent population variation in the Americas
- Joseph F. Powell, University of New Mexico
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- The First Americans
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- 21 August 2009
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- 06 October 2005, pp 85-100
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9 - Racial models of Native American origins
- Joseph F. Powell, University of New Mexico
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- The First Americans
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- 21 August 2009
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- 06 October 2005, pp 187-213
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It is easier to find Australoid-looking dolichocephals in the more ancient burials in the New World than anything in the way of a skull that resembles a Mongoloid.
E. A. Hooton, 1933I place all post hoc explanations of human biological variation such as population replacement by phenotypically different peoples, and colonization into the category of “typological assessments.” However, they can also be called model-free methods (Relethford and Lees, 1982), because they have no underlying hypotheses to test. Typological approaches to prehistoric human variation do not attempt to understand the dynamic processes underlying the observed phenotypic differences (or similarities) in populations, except as the product of historical events, that is, population migration/colonization (Neves et al., 1999b; Steele and Powell, 1992, 1993, 2002). The works of Blumenbach (1795), and Cuvier (1812) are by definition pre-evolutionary and thus racial–typological.
MIGRATION, COLONIZATION, AND THE FIRST AMERICANS
Late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century researchers (Gladwin, 1947; Hooton, 1930; Morton, 1839; Neumann, 1952; Rivet, 1943; Oetteking, 1934) and some recent authors continue to place the First Americans within a racial–typological framework, although some migration/racial–typological models have components that appear evolutionary (Chatters, 1998; Chatters et al., 1999; Greenberg et al., 1986; Neumann, 1952; Neves and Pucciarelli, 1989; Neves et al., 1996a, 1999a, 1999b, 2003; Steele and Powell, 1992, 1993; Turner, 1985a, 1990). These suggest some minimal role for microevolutionary processes, such as natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow.